Definition of "Chao"

Lu Pu-wei was a prosperous businessman in the large city of Han-tan in Chao, where he met a prince of Ch'in who was being kept as hostage in the capital.

1965, Cho-yun Hsu, Ancient China in Transition An Analysis of Social Mobility, 722-222 B.C.‎, Stanford University Press, page 45

The same chapter says: "The majority of ancient authors did excellent practical work, but they were not employed. Kuan Chung and Yen Ying 晏嬰 were as great statesmen as writers, Shang Yang and Yu Ch'ing 虞卿 (51) were as active in literature as in administration." (52)

1977, Li Yu-ning, Shang Yang's Reforms and State Control in China‎, M. E. Sharpe, page xxxviii

Late Shang ancillary capitals included Han-tan to the north, an area previously occupied by predynastic Shang culture and subsequently the capital of the state of Chao as well as crucial geostrategic location;³⁶ Chao-ko to the south and Shang-ch'iu, often said to have retained its importance throughout the dynasty as the original ritual center and the location of the oldest and thus most important ancestral temple.

2011, Ralph D. Sawyer, Ancient Chinese Warfare‎, Basic Books, page 150