2006, B. B. Nickol, Phylum Acanthocephala, P. T. K. Woo (editor), Fish Diseases and Disorders, Volume 1: Protozoan and Metazoan Infections, 2nd Edition, page 458
2009, Dennis J. Richardson, Brent B. Nickol, “15: Acanthocephala”, in Carter T. Atkinson, Nancy J. Thomas, D. Bruce Hunter, editors, Parasitic Diseases of Wild Birds, page 277