Definition of "Victoriae"

But in the middle of the ceiling he painted a circle with four Victoriae holding the papal crown and keys…

1928, An Encyclopaedia of Colour Decoration from the Earliest Times to the Middle of the XIXth Century, E. Weyhe, page 11, column 2

The motif of Victoriae supporting a votive shield, set not against a palm-tree but on a cippus or altar, is present in major triumphal sculpture shortly before its appearance on the coinage of Constantinus I (43 f, n. 10). […] The two reverse groupings which originate on sestertii of Hadrian (BMCCRE III, pl. 79, 7), continue through the coinage of Caracalla, and show Victory floating or standing to the left or right with a standard or trophy held crosswise and extended in the hands are nothing more than the translations of similarly arranged Victoriae from the spandrels of triumphal arches to coin reverses.

1953, Gnomon: Kritische Zeitschrift für die gesamte klassische Altertumswissenschaft, pages 474–476

Nike-Victoria sets up a tropaion (attaches arms, sacrifices a bull, puts on a wreath or an inscription); in Roman times two Victoriae fixing a shield to a tropaion are placed preferably in antithetical positions on the breast-plate of statuae thoracatae, Nike crowning a tropaion is found mostly on Megarian bowls, small incense-altars and victoriates, Victoria writing on the shield of a trophy is a Roman device.

1957, Het antieke Tropaion, page 247

Altar of Roma and Augustus at Lugdunum, flanked left and right by Victoriae on columns. […] Two Victoriae supporting wreathed votive shield inscribed vot x mvl xx / victoriae d d n n avgg / ·sis· in exergue.

1962, Roman Medallions

Metellus, Pompey’s subordinate in the Sertorian wars, decorated his victory celebration with mechanized Victoriae distributing golden trophies while descending from above […] to 303-4 A.D., has as its theme two Victoriae, but behind them, two tropaea are visible.

1970, Byzantion, pages 108 and 115

The composition is well balanced, with the vertical spear serving as a dividing point and the wreath-bearing arms of the two Victoriae, the walking figure and the Victoriola on Roma’s hand, enframing the central figure. […] The type has been called Victoria, but Victoriae of this period retain their wings and are shown standing rather than enthroned.

1974, The Goddess Roma in the Art of the Roman Empire, pages 45 and 48

Gallienus gave up this source of income, and probably tried to increase his gold supplies by copying Caracalla and constantly proclaiming Victoriae so as to be able to collect the aurum coronarium. […] This might well be why Gallienus proclaimed his victories in countless series of coins (as in the famous “legionary coins”), the Victoriae being numbered up to Vict. VIII within a few years. […] The minted gold also had to come from somewhere. If it came mainly from the levies of the aurum coronarium, as I presume it did, judging, at last, from the eight Victoriae proclaimed around 260, the resources of the men who had to produce it were severely drained.

1976, Lukas de Blois, “Gallienus’ monetary policy and his financial administration”, in The Policy of the Emperor Gallienus, E. J. Brill, pages 90, 91, and 99–100

As an inscription indicates, the shield itself was supported by two Victoriae. […] In 27 B.C. in recognition of his restoration of the res publica, the Senate placed in the curia a golden shield supported by two Victoriae, commemorating Augustus’ Virtus, Clementia, Justitia, and Pietas.

1981, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt, pages 808 and 885

They speak the symbolic language of Rome, and thereby approve of their loyalty to the Roman cause, doubly emphasised in the case of Candidinius by the presence of the two Victoriae on a globe, symbols par excellence of Rome’s world dominion.

1995, Integration in the Early Roman West: The Role of Culture and Ideology, page 126, column 2