In 1413 the old Koryŏ division of the country into a capital district, five provinces, and two northern border zones was revised into a uniform pattern of eight provinces: Kyŏnggi around the capital, surrounded by the three provinces of Hwanghae, Kangwŏn, and Ch'ungch'ŏng, with Chŏlla and Kyŏngsang in the southwest and southeast, and P'yŏngan and Hamgyŏng in the northwest and northeast respectively.
1960, Edwin O. Reischauer, John K. Fairbank, East Asia: The Great Tradition, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, page 431