Definition of "strain"

strain¹

/stɹeɪn/

noun
plural strains
1. (archaic) Race; lineage, pedigree.
  Quotations
  He is of a noble strain.
  1598–1599 (first performance), William Shakespeare, “Much Adoe about Nothing”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, [Act II, scene i]
  With animals and plants a cross between different varieties, or between individuals of the same variety but of another strain, gives vigour and fertility to the offspring.
  1859 November 24, Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, […], London: John Murray, […]
2. (biology) A particular variety of a microbe, virus, or other organism, usually a taxonomically infraspecific one.
  Quotations
  European scientists have discovered a new strain of the virus that causes AIDS and linked it to gorillas, creating a mystery about when and how the first patient found to have the strain became infected.
  2009 August 4, Lawrence K. Altman, “New Strain of H.I.V. Is Discovered”, in The New York Times‎
3. (figurative) Hereditary character, quality, tendency, or disposition.
  Quotations
  Intemperance and lust breed diseases, which being propogated, spoil the strain of a nation.
  a. 1694, John Tillotson, The Advantages of Religion to Societies
4. (music, poetry) Any sustained note or movement; a song; a distinct portion of an ode or other poem; also, the pervading note, or burden, of a song, poem, etc.
  Quotations
  Yet Keats, though for so many years he has given nothing to the world, is understood to have devoted himself to the composition of an epic poem. Some passages of it have been communicated to the inner circle of his admirers, and impressed them as the loftiest strains that have been audible on earth since Milton’s days.
  1846, Nathaniel Hawthorne, “P.'s Correspondence”, in Mosses from an Old Manse
5. Language that is eloquent, poetic, or otherwise heightened.
6. (rare) A kind or sort (of person etc.).
  Quotations
  the common strain
  1693, Decimus Junius Juvenalis, John Dryden, transl., “[The Satires of Decimus Junius Juvenalis.] The Fifth Satyr”, in The Satires of Decimus Junius Juvenalis. Translated into English Verse. […] Together with the Satires of Aulus Persius Flaccus. […], London: Printed for Jacob Tonson […]
7. (obsolete) Treasure.
8. (obsolete) The blood-vessel in the yolk of an egg.

strain²

/stɹeɪn/

verb
third-person singular simple present strains, present participle straining, simple past and past participle strained
1. (transitive, obsolete) To hold tightly, to clasp.
  Quotations
  So hauing said, her twixt her armes twaine / She straightly straynd, and colled tenderly […]
  1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book III, Canto II”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie
  Evander with a close embrace / Strained his departing friend.
  1697, Virgil, “The Eighth Book of the Æneis”, in John Dryden, transl., The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Æneis. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […]
  "Farewell!"—the mother strained her child to her heart again, and again put her from her, to embrace her more closely.
  1859, Ferna Vale, Natalie; or, A Gem Among the Sea-Weeds
2. (transitive) To apply a force or forces to by stretching out.
3. (transitive) To damage by drawing, stretching, or the exertion of force.
4. (transitive) To act upon, in any way, so as to cause change of form or volume, as when bending a beam.
5. (transitive, intransitive) To exert or struggle (to do something), especially to stretch (one's senses, faculties etc.) beyond what is normal or comfortable.
  Quotations
  To build his fortune I will strain a little.
  c. 1605–1608, William Shakespeare, “The Life of Tymon of Athens”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, [Act I, scene i]
  He sweats, / Strains his young nerves.
  1611 April (first recorded performance), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Cymbeline”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, [Act III, scene iii]
  They strain their warbling throats / To welcome in the spring.
  1700, [John] Dryden, “Palamon and Arcite: Or, The Knight’s Tale. In Three Books.”, in Fables Ancient and Modern; […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […]
  Thus my plight was evil indeed, for I had nothing now to burn to give me light, and knew that 'twas no use setting to grout till I could see to go about it. Moreover, the darkness was of that black kind that is never found beneath the open sky, no, not even on the darkest night, but lurks in close and covered places and strains the eyes in trying to see into it.
  1898, J. Meade Falkner, chapter 4, in Moonfleet, London, Toronto, Ont.: Jonathan Cape, published 1934
6. (transitive) To stretch beyond its proper limit; to do violence to, in terms of intent or meaning.
  Quotations
  There can be no other meaning in this expression, however some may pretend to strain it.
  1724, “Drapier's Letters”, in 4, Jonathan Swift
7. (transitive) To separate solid from liquid by passing through a strainer or colander.
  Quotations
  Strain the noodles and rinse with fresh water until it runs clear. The noodles should be soft, but not mushy.
  2017 November 14, Matthew Kenney, PLANTLAB, Simon and Schuster
8. (intransitive) To percolate; to be filtered.
9. (transitive) To make uneasy or unnatural; to produce with apparent effort; to force; to constrain.
  Quotations
  Prince. How does my Father? / Princeſs. Still talks and plays with Fatyma, but his mirth / Is forc'd and ſtrain'd: In his look appears / A wild diſtracted fierceneſs; […]
  1641 (first performance), [John Denham], The Sophy. […], 2nd edition, London: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for H[enry] Herringman, […], published 1667, Act III, page 42
  The quality of mercy is not strained.
  c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, [Act IV, scene i]
10. (transitive) To urge with importunity; to press.
  Quotations
  Note, if your lady strain his entertainment.
  c. 1603–1604 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Othello, the Moore of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, [Act III, scene iii]
11. (transitive) To hug somebody; to hold somebody tightly.
noun
countable and uncountable, plural strains
1. The act of straining, or the state of being strained.
  Quotations
  Nevertheless, it is clear that the global energy demand for air-conditioning will grow substantially as nations become more affluent, […] . This trend will put additional strain not only on global energy resources but also on the environmental prospects of a warming planet.
  2013 September-October, Michael Sivak, “Will AC Put a Chill on the Global Energy Supply?”, in American Scientist
  If the Menai Bridge, for instance, were loaded at that rate, the entire strain on the main chains would be about 2000 tons ; while the chains containing 260 square inches of iron would bear, at 9 tons per square inch, 2340 tons, without stretching ...
  1832, Charles Stewart Drewry (A.M.I.C.E.), A memoir on suspension bridges, page 183
  Therefore, the goal of this study is to assess the influence of strain on the corrosion resistance of passivated Nitinol and stainless steel implant materials. Materials and Methods Nitinol (50.8%at. Ni) wire (NDC, Fremont, CA) and 316L stainless ...
  2004, Sanjay Shrivastava, Medical Device Materials: Proceedings from the Materials & Processes for Medical Devices Conference 2003, 8-10 September 2003, Anaheim, California, ASM International, page 176
2. A violent effort; an excessive and hurtful exertion or tension, as of the muscles.
3. An injury resulting from violent effort; a sprain.
  Quotations
  They used steroids to build strength but, more importantly, to recover from strains, pulls, dislocations.
  2010, Peter Corris, Torn Apart, Allen and Unwin, page 162
  Dirk Kuyt sandwiched a goal in between Carroll's double as City endured a night of total misery, with captain Carlos Tevez limping off early on with a hamstring strain that puts a serious question mark over his participation in Saturday's FA Cup semi-final against Manchester United at Wembley.
  2011 April 11, Phil McNulty, “Liverpool 3-0 Man City”, in BBC Sport
4. (uncountable, engineering) A dimensionless measure of object deformation either referring to engineering strain or true strain.
  Quotations
  Detailed records are kept of the strains imposed on the bridge by the violent gales that frequently sweep the firth, and a self-recording wind gauge is fixed on the top of the tower.
  1950 March, H. A. Vallance, “On Foot Across the Forth Bridge”, in Railway Magazine, page 149
5. (obsolete) The track of a deer.
  Quotations
  When they have shot a Deere by land, they follow him like bloud-hounds by the bloud, and straine, and oftentimes so take them.
  1624, John Smith, Generall Historie, Kupperman, published 1988, page 145

strain³

/stɹeɪn/

verb
third-person singular simple present strains, present participle straining, simple past and past participle strained
1. (obsolete) To beget, generate (of light), engender, copulate (both of animals and humans), lie with, be born, come into the world.
  Quotations
  Sir, as I have a soul, ſhe is an Angell; / Our King has all the Indies in his Armes, / And more, and richer, when he ſtraines that Lady, / I cannot blame his Conſcience.
  1613 (date written), William Shakespeare, [John Fletcher], “The Famous History of the Life of King Henry the Eight”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, [Act IV, scene i], page 224, column 2

Definition of "strain"

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strain2

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